Login: GUEST @ JH4XSY.14.JNET1.JPN.AS [Tsuchiura]
home | newest check | boards | help index | log | ps | userlogin | send sysop | slog | status forward | bcm news | users | version | remove cookie
HP2DFA > AMSAT 18.10.26 10:11l 639 Lines 26383 Bytes #28 (0) @ WW
BID : 4777_HP2DFA
Subj: AMSAT: ANS-291 AMSAT News Service Weekly Bulletins
Path: JH4XSY<IW0QNL<SR1BSZ<EA2RCF<LU9DCE<VE3CGR<DM4RW<HP2DFA
Sent: 261018/0057Z 4777@HP2DFA.#COL.PAN.CEAM BPQ6.0.24
==================================================
FULL AMSAT OFFICIAL BULLETIN - ENGLISH
==================================================
Title : ANS-291 AMSAT News Service Weekly Bulletins
--------------------------------------------------
AMSAT News Service
ANS-291
October 18, 2026
In this edition:
* AMSAT 44th Annual Symposium Highlights
* AMSAT-UK International Space Colloquium 2026 Highlights
* 65 Years of Amateur Radio Satellites
* Student-Built CubeSats Launch to Test Open-Source Radio and
Intersatellite Communications
* AMSAT Director Appoints Three New Ambassadors to Volunteer
Network
* Meteor Scatter Communications on 6 Meters Using MSK144
* AMSAT CubeSatSim Introduces Exciting New Features for 2026
* Changes to AMSAT TLE Distribution for October 16, 2026
* ARISS News
* AMSAT Ambassador Activities
* Satellite Shorts from All Over
The AMSAT® News Service bulletins are a free, weekly news and
information service of AMSAT, The Radio Amateur Satellite
Corporation. ANS publishes news related to Amateur Radio in Space
including reports on the activities of a worldwide group of
Amateur Radio operators who share an active interest in
designing, building, launching and communicating through analog
and digital Amateur Radio satellites.
The news feed on https://www.amsat.org publishes news of Amateur
Radio in Space as soon as our volunteers can post it.
Please send any amateur satellite news or reports to: ans-editor
[at] amsat.org
You can sign up for free e-mail delivery of the AMSAT News
Service Bulletins via the ANS List; to join this list see:
https://mailman.amsat.org/postorius/lists/ans.amsat.org/
AMSAT 44th Annual Symposium Highlights
AMSAT 44th Annual Symposium [Credit: AMSAT]
General Overview:
AMSAT held its 44th Annual Space Symposium in Jacksonville,
Florida. Presentations covered satellite operations, engineering,
education, and future missions. Friday featured an education-
focused session. Saturday included technical presentations and
AMSAT's Annual General Meeting. Speakers shared progress on
current programs and also outlined ways to expand amateur radio
in space.
AMSAT President Drew Glasbrenner, KO4MA, spoke at the Annual
General Meeting. He discussed plans for satellite missions beyond
low Earth orbit. AMSAT is forming a High Orbit Committee to
create mission concepts and hardware proposals. They will build a
portfolio of future mission ideas. These will be ready for
rideshare or hosted-payload opportunities. Glasbrenner
highlighted the need for partnerships between industry and
academia.
The event focused on bringing in students and new volunteers.
AMSAT wants students to present their satellite work at future
symposiums. They also noted that membership is free for students
under 25.
CubeSat Simulator, GOLF, Fox-Plus Program Updates:
AMSAT's CubeSat Simulator program was a key educational highlight
during Friday's sessions. This simulator lets students and
amateur operators practice satellite communications using
affordable, accessible hardware. AMSAT also partnered with the
ARRL Teachers Institute to provide over 30 simulator kits across
three summer classes.
Saturday's engineering sessions focused on updates for the GOLF
and Fox-Plus satellite programs. Jerry Buxton, N0JY, reviewed
ongoing development for GOLF-T, while the Fox-Plus program moves
closer to flight readiness. AMSAT officials are evaluating both
government and commercial launch options to secure future
flights. These satellite projects aim to advance space technology
while expanding communication options for radio amateurs.
Linear Transponder Module Updates:
AMSAT also highlighted its Linear Transponder Module (LTM)
program, which provides communications payloads to university
satellite teams. The hardware features a 30 kHz linear
transponder with a 2-meter uplink, a 70-centimeter downlink, and
1200-baud BPSK telemetry. Participating universities receive the
radio package from AMSAT in exchange for hosting and operating
the amateur transponder on their satellites. AMSAT plans to
expand production of these modules to increase the total number
of operational transponders in orbit.
Recordings of the Friday education session and Saturday technical
sessions, including the Annual General Meeting, are available
through the AMSAT-NA YouTube channel for those unable to attend:
Friday Session: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaTIb-RBVYU
Saturday Session: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QW49Dt9hRZE
While AMSAT is still collecting papers an working to edit day-
long videos, persons wanting to see presentation materials as
they become available can find them at:
https://www.amsat.org/2026-amsat-symposium-papers-and-
presentations/ .
[ANS thanks AMSAT-NA for the above information.]
2026 AMSAT-UK International Space Colloquium Highlights
The 2026 AMSAT-UK International Space Colloquium, held on October
10–11, 2026, at Kents Hill Park in Milton Keynes, focused on
transitioning amateur radio into modern digital architectures and
testing next-generation satellite payloads.
The major presentation and event highlights included:
Andre, M6GND, gave a technical presentation on implementing CCSDS
235.1 session control standards for amateur satellite
communications. This highlights a community effort to normalize
robust, commercial-grade open-source digital radio designs in
amateur space telemetry.
Peter Gülzow, DB2OS (President of AMSAT-DL), presented a
comprehensive update on active operations, ongoing optimizations
for the geostationary QO-100 payload, and upcoming collaborative
deep-space or high-orbit projects.
The weekend featured technical deep dives into the RADIANT
platform's progress and operational status.
Mirroring global initiatives like the AMSAT North America
Symposium, the event highlighted advancements in the CubeSat
Simulator project. Key focuses included using pre-configured
Raspberry Pi ground station images (such as Fox-in-a-Box) to
capture live telemetry in classrooms at low cost.
The formal Annual General Meeting took place over the weekend,
detailing financial health and strategic planning for the next
generation of UK payloads.
Attendees gathered at the nearby Woughton House Hotel for the
traditional Saturday evening Gala Dinner, serving as the main
networking event for international space operators.
Recordings of the Saturday and Sunday sessions, including the
Annual General Meeting, are available through the AMSAT-UK
YouTube channel for those unable to attend:
Saturday session:
https://youtube.com/live/WQy0CXqjp3M
Sunday session:
https://youtube.com/live/CS6i-xeDm7o
[ANS thanks AMSAT-UK and AMSAT-SM for the above information.]
65 Years of Amateur Radio Satellites: From OSCAR I to Canada-
OSCAR 128
The history of amateur radio satellite tracking spans over six
decades, marked by key technical milestones from early
spaceflight to modern portable operations. Two distinct satellite
receptions illustrate the profound changes in equipment and
techniques available to operators.
The Launch of OSCAR I (December 1961)
OSCAR 1 Communications Satellite [Credit: National Air and Space
Museum]
In December 1961, a group of student amateur radio operators at
Case Western Reserve University combined their efforts to listen
to OSCAR 1 (Orbiting Satellites Carrying Amateur Radio), the
first amateur radio satellite.
Station operations were divided among team members to handle the
manual demands of early satellite tracking:
One student managed orbital calculations.
One student controlled azimuth positioning.
One student controlled elevation tracking.
One student managed frequency control.
The team successfully heard the distinctive "HI HI" Morse code
identifier broadcast from American OSCAR I.
Modern Portable Tracking of CO-128 (August 2026)
Antenna Setup to Monitor Canada-OSCAR 128 [Credit: AMSAT-Canada]
In August 2026, a portable setup on Prince Edward Island
monitored Canada-OSCAR 128 (CO-128 / MARMOTSat) transmitting on
145.875 MHz.
The portable field station utilized:
Tracking: A cell phone to track azimuth and elevation.
Receiver: A Yaesu VX-8GR portable radio set to receive amplitude
modulation.
Antenna: An Arrow II 146/440-14 antenna with a 4-element VHF
Yagi.
The operator captured the call sign CQ DE VA7UVS in Morse code.
The AM output produced more static than a tone during
transmission. Nearby power lines initially caused a buzzing sound
over the signal, but placing a finger on the antenna's aluminum
main boom eliminated the distortion and made DE VA7UVS easier to
hear.
[ANS thanks AMSAT-Canada, John DeDourek, VE9TFB (ex K8TFB), and
Brent Petersen, VY2/VE9EX, W1IY, for the above information.]
Student-Built CubeSats Launch to Test Open-Source Radio and
Intersatellite Communications
Launch of SpaceX Falcon 9 with Student CubeSat [Credit: NASA]
A SpaceX Falcon 9 launched two student-built CubeSats to the
International Space Station on Oct. 13, 2026, as part of NASA's
35th commercial resupply mission. NASA's CubeSat Launch
Initiative (CSLI) provided the mission, led by Cal Poly Pomona,
to demonstrate open-source space technology and support amateur
radio operations.
The two CubeSats belong to the open-source Pleiades Five / PROVES
project:
PROVES-Maia (Texas State University): Assembled and tested by
students at NASA's Johnson Space Center, it will relay digital
messages for radio operators over UHF and S-band frequencies and
evaluate intersatellite routing.
PROVES-Taygeta (Cal Poly Pomona & Mt. San Antonio College):
Features an amateur radio payload, a camera that transmits
downloadable orbital photos, and a student-monitored radiation
sensor that accepts on-demand data requests.
Both student missions test intersatellite data routing via the
open-source Dynamic Relay for Intersatellite Fault Tolerance
(DRIFT) protocol. This launch builds on three earlier student-
built PROVES satellites (Alcyone, Atlas, and Electra) launched in
April.
[ANS thanks NASA and CSLI for the above information.]
Give Your Next Rove a Payload — Put Your Lunch into Orbit!
Pack the rover dogs and hit the grid line with an all-newAMSAT
Round Logo Metal Lunchbox.
Keep Amateur Radio in Space — and your lunch in the box!
https://www.zazzle.com/amsat_round_logo_metal_lunchbox-256761530568368967
AMSAT Director Appoints Three New Ambassadors to Volunteer
Network
Bo Lowry, W4FCL, AMSAT Director of the Ambassador Program, is
pleased to announce the addition of three new AMSAT Ambassadors:
Sam Albus, KR4EJD – Jacksonville, FL
Josh Tate, KF4EAG – Fuquay-Varina, NC
Joseph DiVerdi, K0NMR – Fort Collins, CO
Frank Karnauskas, N1UW, AMSAT Ambassador and Vice President –
Development.RST HamFest 2024 [Credit: AMSAT]
AMSAT Ambassadors are dedicated volunteers who represent AMSAT at
local ham fests, maker fairs, and club meetings. In their roles,
Ambassadors agree to attend at least one local event per year and
mentor area radio amateurs looking to get started with satellite
operations.
To support their outreach efforts, each Ambassador receives:
A custom AMSAT Ambassador callsign badge
A 3′ x 5′ AMSAT banner flag
An "FAQ" presentation binder designed for interactive
demonstrations
The presentation binder includes visual aids explaining core
concepts such as satellite types, orbital mechanics, tracking
software, antenna configurations, Doppler shift compensation, and
operating techniques. The binder's front cover features a QR code
that directs interested operators directly to beginner articles
and getting-started resources.
The Ambassador Program is open to current AMSAT members residing
in the United States. U.S. members interested in joining the
program can contact volunteer@amsat.org.
[ANS thanks Bo Lowry, W4FCL, AMSAT Director – Ambassador Program,
for the above information.]
Meteor Scatter Communications on 6 Meters Using MSK144
Amateur radio operators looking to expand beyond traditional
local or HF modes can use meteor scatter propagation to make
contacts over distances from 400 to 2,000 kilometers. As Earth
moves through space, millions of meteors enter the upper
atmosphere at altitudes of 80 km to 120 km, creating short-lived
ionized trails that reflect VHF radio signals. While activity in
southern Africa has historically lagged compared to active
regions in North America and Europe, techniques using modern
digital modes make this propagation path highly accessible.
How Meteor Scatter Works
Because meteor trails persist for only milliseconds to a few
seconds, traditional voice communication is generally impractical
outside of major annual meteor showers (such as the Perseids or
Geminids). Instead, operators use specialized digital protocols:
Mode: MSK144 (Minimum Shift Keying at 144 baud), designed
specifically for efficient meteor scatter communications within
software like WSJT-X.
Transmission Cycles: Stations exchange short data bursts using
synchronized 15-second transmit/receive intervals.
Frequency: The primary calling frequency on the 6-meter band is
50.260 MHz.
Interference-Free Operation: Because meteors enter the atmosphere
at random angles across a shared sky area, multiple stations can
operate on the same frequency simultaneously without interfering
with one another.
Perseids Meteor Shower [Credit: AMSAT-SA]
Recommended Equipment & Station Setup
Setting up a station for MSK144 meteor scatter requires minimal
specialized hardware:
Transceiver: A 50 MHz (6-meter) radio capable of moderate power
(typically 50W to 100W, though higher power increases contact
speed).
Antenna: A horizontal directional antenna (such as a 5- to
7-element Yagi) is strongly recommended over a vertical antenna
to properly spread the signal horizontally across the reflection
zone.
Software: A computer running WSJT-X connected via a USB interface
for CAT control, audio input/output, and PTT timing. Accurate PC
clock synchronization (via an internet time server like Dimension
4) is critical to maintain precise 15-second sequencing.
Operating Tips for Success
Timing: While meteor scatter occurs 24/7, success rates improve
significantly in the early morning when atmospheric meteor
activity peaks, or during dedicated annual shower windows.
Patience: Pings may be brief, and completing a full QSO can take
several minutes or longer depending on trail density and
geometry. Operators monitor real-time spotting via platforms like
PSK Reporter to coordinate active sessions.
[ANS thanks AMSAT-SA and the Southern Africa VHF group for the
above information.]
AMSAT CubeSatSim Introduces Exciting New Features for 2026
Alan Johnston, KU2Y, AMSAT VP – Educational Relations, announced
several significant upgrades to the CubeSatSim satellite
simulator, expanding its capabilities for amateur radio
enthusiasts, educators, and students. The new software releases,
versions 2.2 and 2.3, make the low-cost, open-source simulator an
even more versatile tool for learning about satellite
communications.
CubeSatSim Kit [Credit: AMSAT]
One major addition is PacSat mode, which simulates a packet-radio
satellite that can store and forward digital messages and files
between ground stations. Users can practice uploading and
downloading information, recreating the operations of actual
amateur radio satellites.
Another improvement is simulated Doppler shift, which reproduces
the changing radio frequency experienced as a satellite passes
overhead. During a simulated ten-minute pass, the transmitted
frequency changes by approximately 18 kHz, providing realistic
training for satellite operators.
A new web-based Dashboard lets users configure and control
CubeSatSim from a computer or smartphone. The added Wi-Fi hotspot
eliminates the need for an existing wireless network.
Version 2.2 also introduced simulated equipment failures,
allowing students to practice identifying satellite problems
through telemetry analysis.
Built around a Raspberry Pi Zero 2, CubeSatSim.org provides
complete construction plans, software, and documentation.
[ANS thanks Alan Johnston, KU2Y, AMSAT VP – Educational Relations
for the above information.]
The 2026 Coins Are Here! Help Support GOLF-TEE and Fox-Plus.
Annual memberships start at only $120.
Join the AMSAT President's Club today and help Keep Amateur Radio
in Space!
https://www.amsat.org/join-the-amsat-presidents-club/
Changes to AMSAT TLE Distribution for October 16, 2026
Two Line Elements or TLEs, often referred to as Keplerian
elements or keps in the amateur community, are the inputs to the
SGP4 standard mathematical model of spacecraft orbits used by
most amateur tracking programs. Weekly updates are completely
adequate for most amateur satellites. TLE bulletin files are
updated daily in the first hour of the UTC day. New bulletin
files will be posted immediately after reliable elements become
available for new amateur satellites. More information may be
found at https://www.amsat.org/keplerian-elements-resources/.
Bulletin format elements for all satellites of interest to radio
amateurs. This file is updated at least every 24 hours.
Bare elements are derived from the bulletin, but contain no
header or footer. These data are used as input to the AMSAT Pass
Predictions page.
This week there are no additions or deletions to the AMSAT TLE
distribution.
General Perturbations Data Support
AMSAT is pleased to announce that modern forms of what are called
General Perturbations data are being disseminated via modern
formats including JSON, XML and KVN at
https://newark192.amsat.org/gpdata/current/. The reason this
change is being made is that we are running out of 5-digit
catalog numbers and the TLE format is not viable for satellites
launched after July of this year. See
https://celestrak.org/NORAD/documentation/gp-data-formats.php for
details.
These data are presently considered in beta test for the next two
months while hosted on the test server newark192.amsat.org, and
we are very open to community feedback at webmaster [at]
amsat.org. Testers may experience outages and errors while we
make improvements. We intend to put this into production on our
main web server in July as we expect that satellites launched
after this summer will require one of the new formats to
accommodate longer object numbers. AMSAT will continue to publish
TLE bulletins for satellites launched before July 2026
indefinitely.
[ANS thanks Joe Fitzgerald, KM1P, AMSAT Orbital Elements Manager,
for the above information.]
ARISS News
Amateurs and others around the world may listen in on contacts
between amateur radio operators at schools and astronauts and
cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station. The downlink
frequency on which to listen is 145.800 MHz worldwide.
Scheduled Contacts
+ Recently Completed
Ecole Internationale PACA de Manosque, Manosque, France — direct
via F4KKM
The ISS callsign was NA1SS
The scheduled crewmember was Joshua Kutryk, KJ5BFU
The ARISS mentor is F6ICS
Contact was successful: Fri 2026-10-16 10:03 UTC
Congratulations to the students of international school EIPACA,
crew member Joshua Kutryk, KJ5BFU, and mentor F6ICS.
EcoTarium Science Center, Worcester, MA — telebridge via AB1OC
The ISS callsign was NA1SS.
The scheduled crewmember is Luke Delaney, KJ5PPF.
The ARISS mentor was AB1OC
Contact was successful: Thu 2026-10-15 15:28 UTC
Congratulations to the students at EcoTarium Science Center, crew
member Luke Delaney, KJ5PPF, and mentor AB1OC.
+ Upcoming Contacts
No Upcoming Contacts.
Many times, a school makes a last-minute decision to do a
Livestream or runs into a last-minute glitch requiring a change
of the URL, but ARISS may not get the URL in time for
publication. You can always check https://live.ariss.org/ to see
if a school is Livestreaming.
As always, if there is an EVA, a docking, or an undocking, the
ARISS radios are turned off as part of the safety protocol.
+ Upcoming SSTV Events
2026-10-14 Expedition 75 Series 34 "ARISS Hardware"
Begins Thursday, October 22; time TBD
Concludes Sunday, October 25; time TBD
Images will be transmitted at 437.55 MHz (+/- Doppler shift),
decode with Robot 36 mode, transmission 36 seconds on, two
minutes off.
Submit your images to the SSTV gallery for event certificate.
SSTV Series 34 [Credit: Ariss.org]
The crossband repeater remains configured in the Columbus Module
(145.990 MHz up {PL 67} & 437.800 MHz down). If a crewmember
decides to pick up the microphone and turn up the volume, you may
hear the crew member on the air—so keep listening, as you never
know when activity might occur.
Kenwood D710GA in the Zvezda Service Module – Callsign
RSØISS. Please note we're still in the process of troubleshooting
and testing this radio. APRS is currently active on 437.825 MHz.
Feel free to check out status reports at https://ariss-
usa.org/ARISS_APRS/.
HamTV in the Columbus Module (2395.00 MHz) is currently
transmitting a test signal. For more information, visit the ARISS
Ham TV Live site at https://live.ariss.org/hamtv/.
Note that all times are approximate. It is recommended that you
do your own orbital prediction or start listening about 10
minutes before the listed time.
The latest information on the operation mode can be found
at https://www.ariss.org/current-status-of-iss-stations.html
The latest list of frequencies in use can be found
at https://www.ariss.org/contact-the-iss.html
[ANS thanks Charlie Sufana, AJ9N, one of the ARISS operation team
mentors for the above information.]
AMSAT Ambassador Activities
AMSAT Ambassadors provide presentations, demonstrate
communicating through amateur satellites, and host information
tables at club meetings, hamfests, conventions, maker fairs, and
other events.
AMSAT Ambassador Clint Bradford, K6LCS, says,
“Think a 75-minute presentation on ‘working the easy
satellites' would be appropriate for your club or event? Let me
know by emailing me at k6lcsclint [at] gmail [dot] com or calling
me at 909-999-SATS (7287)!”
Clint has NEVER given the same show twice: EACH of the 150+
presentations so far has been customized to its audiences.
Scheduled Events
November 14, 2026
Southern Arizona Fall Hamfest
Oro Valley Amateur Radio Club
Marana Middle School
11285 W. Grier Rd.
Marana AZ
https://www.tucsonhamradio.org/hamfest
N1UW
For more information go to: https://www.amsat.org/ambassador/
[ANS thanks Bo Lowrey, W4FCL, Director – AMSAT Ambassador
Program, for the above information.]
Buying from Ham Radio Outlet?
Add AMSAT’s Getting Started With Amateur Satellites to your
order.
Available for $29.95 from HRO (free shipping on most orders over
$100)
https://www.hamradio.com/detail.cfm?pid=H0-019238
Satellite Shorts from All Over
+ Five spacecraft are currently docked at the International Space
Station after a SpaceX Dragon cargo capsule arrived on Thursday
morning, delivering over 6,300 pounds of scientific experiments,
crew supplies, and roll-out solar arrays. Station crew members
have begun transferring critical biological research and
preparing for upcoming spacewalks on Oct. 29 and Nov. 5 to
install the new solar arrays, while Roscosmos cosmonauts
completed robotics and spatial orientation studies. [ANS thanks
NASA for the above information.]
+ Media representatives are invited to attend the Europa-Park
Science Days from October 22–24, 2026, in Rust, Germany,
featuring presentations, STEM activities, and media opportunities
with ESA experts. Highlights on Thursday, October 22, include a
keynote address and interview opportunities with German ESA
astronaut Alexander Gerst, alongside talks by ESA directors and
interactive exhibits spanning VR experiences, robotics, and
planetary science models. [ANS thanks ESA for the above
information.]
+ Using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, eROSITA, and LOFAR,
scientists observed a merging galaxy cluster nicknamed the
"treble clef" due to its distinct, music-note-shaped radio
emission. Researchers report in Astronomy & Astrophysics that it
was likely generated and amplified by a violent collision between
two galaxy clusters. [ANS thanks Space.com for the above
information.]
+ Scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and
international collaborators analyzed joint observations of solar
coronal mass ejections (CMEs) captured by India’s Aditya-L1 and
ESA’s Proba-3 satellites. By combining spectroscopic data from
VELC aboard Aditya-L1 with imaging from ASPIICS on Proba-3, the
cross-checked observations provided new insights into CME mass,
density, thermal energy, and early-stage dynamics in the low
solar corona. [ANS thanks The Hindu and ISRO for the above
information.]
+ The Australian Space Agency and the Roo-ver Consortium unveiled
the latest design model of "Roo-ver," Australia’s first lunar
rover, at the Queensland University of Technology's Lunar Testbed
and Space Lab during World Space Week on October 7, 2026.
Scheduled to land at the lunar South Pole in 2030 aboard an
Intuitive Machines lander under NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload
Services (CLPS) program, the semi-autonomous rover will collect
and analyze regolith to support sustainable human exploration
through the Artemis program. Designed to withstand extreme lunar
temperature swings from -246°C to 121°C, the vehicle features
homegrown Australian technology including specialized treaded
wheels, thermal management systems, and tools to mitigate against
lunar dust and radiation. [ANS thanks the Australian Space Agency
for the above information.]
Join AMSAT today at https://launch.amsat.org/
In addition to regular membership, AMSAT offers membership to:
Societies (a recognized group, clubs or organization).
Students enrolled in at least half-time status are eligible for
free membership to age 25.
Memberships are available for annual and lifetime terms.
Contact info [at] amsat.org for additional membership
information.
73 and remember to help Keep Amateur Radio in Space!
This week's ANS Editor,
Vidya Gopalakrishnan, K4VGK
ANS is a service of AMSAT, the Radio Amateur Satellite
Corporation, 712 H Street NE, Suite 1653, Washington, DC 20002
AMSAT is a registered trademark of the Radio Amateur Satellite
Corporation.
==================================================
73 DE HP2DFA-5 / BPQ32 AMSAT MONITOR PANAMA
==================================================
Õ[ | ̃[